Free Essays on John Fitzgerald Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963), was the youngest man ever elected president, and he was the youngest ever to die in office. He was shot to death on Nov. 22, 1963, after two years and 10 months as chief executive. The world mourned Kennedy's death, and presidents, premiers, and members of royalty walked behind the casket at his funeral. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Early life Family background. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the second son of Joseph Patrick Kennedy (1888-1969) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-1995). The president's ancestors were Irish farmers of Wexford County in southeastern Ireland. His great-grandfather, Patrick Kennedy, left Ireland during the great potato famine of the 1840's and settled in Boston. The president's grandfather, Patrick J. Kennedy, became a state senator and the political "boss" of a ward in Boston. The president's mother also came from a political family. Her father was John F. ("Honey Fitz") Fitzgerald, a colorful politician. Fitzgerald served in the state senate and the United States House of Representatives. He also served as mayor of Boston for two terms. Joseph P. Kennedy, the president's father, was a self-made millionaire. During the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he served as the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and as U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom. Boyhood. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. The other eight Kennedy children were Joseph, Jr. (1915-1944), who was killed in World War II; Rosemary (1918-...); Kathleen (1920-1948); Eunice (1921-...); Patricia (1924-...); Robert F. (1925-1968), who became attorney general under his brother and then served as U.S. Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination; Jean (1928-...); and Edward M. "Ted" (1932-...), who has served as a U.S. Senator f... Free Essays on John Fitzgerald Kennedy Free Essays on John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963), was the youngest man ever elected president, and he was the youngest ever to die in office. He was shot to death on Nov. 22, 1963, after two years and 10 months as chief executive. The world mourned Kennedy's death, and presidents, premiers, and members of royalty walked behind the casket at his funeral. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Early life Family background. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the second son of Joseph Patrick Kennedy (1888-1969) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-1995). The president's ancestors were Irish farmers of Wexford County in southeastern Ireland. His great-grandfather, Patrick Kennedy, left Ireland during the great potato famine of the 1840's and settled in Boston. The president's grandfather, Patrick J. Kennedy, became a state senator and the political "boss" of a ward in Boston. The president's mother also came from a political family. Her father was John F. ("Honey Fitz") Fitzgerald, a colorful politician. Fitzgerald served in the state senate and the United States House of Representatives. He also served as mayor of Boston for two terms. Joseph P. Kennedy, the president's father, was a self-made millionaire. During the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he served as the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and as U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom. Boyhood. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. The other eight Kennedy children were Joseph, Jr. (1915-1944), who was killed in World War II; Rosemary (1918-...); Kathleen (1920-1948); Eunice (1921-...); Patricia (1924-...); Robert F. (1925-1968), who became attorney general under his brother and then served as U.S. Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination; Jean (1928-...); and Edward M. "Ted" (1932-...), who has served as a U.S. Senator f...

Introduction to the Middle Paleolithic

Introduction to the Middle Paleolithic The Middle Paleolithic period (ca 200,000 to 45,000 years ago or so) is the period during which Archaic humans including Homo sapiens neanderthalensis appeared and flourished all over the world. Handaxes continued in use, but a new kind of stone tool kit was createdcalled the Mousterian, it included purposefully prepared cores and specialized flake tools. The living method in the Middle Paleolithic for both Homo sapiens and our Neanderthal cousins included scavenging, but there is also clear evidence of hunting and gathering activities. Deliberate human burials, with some evidence (if somewhat controversial) of ritual behavior, are found at a handful of sites such as La Ferrassie and Shanidar Cave. By 55,000 years ago, archaic humans were tending to their elderly, in evidence at sites such as La Chapelle aux Saintes. Some evidence for cannibalism is also found in places such as Krapina and Blombos Cave. Early Modern Humans in South Africa The Middle Paleolithic ends with the gradual disappearance of the Neanderthal and the ascendancy of Homo sapiens sapiens, about 40,000-45,000 years ago. That didnt happen overnight, however. The beginnings of modern human behaviors are mapped out in the Howiesons Poort/Stillbay Industries of southern Africa beginning perhaps as long ago as 77,000 years and leaving Africa along a Southern Dispersal Route. Middle Stone Age and the Aterian A handful of sites seem to suggest that the dates for the change to the Upper Paleolithic are way out of whack. The Aterian, a stone tool industry long thought to have been dated to the Upper Paleolithic, is now recognized as Middle Stone Age, dated perhaps as long ago as 90,000 years ago. One Aterian site showing early Upper Paleolithic-type behavior but dated much earlier is at Grottes des Pigeons in Morocco, where shell beads dated 82,000 years old have been discovered. Another problematic site is Pinnacle Point South Africa, where red ochre use has been documented at ca 165,000 years ago. Only time will tell if these dates continue to be held up. And Neanderthal hung on, too; the latest known Neanderthal site is Gorhams Cave in Gibraltar, about 25,000 years ago. Finally, the debate still is unsettled about the Flores individuals who may represent a separate species, Homo floresiensis, dated to the Middle Paleolithic but extending well into the UP.

Philip's vs. Matsushita Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Philip's vs. Matsushita - Assignment Example remained poor and its global competitiveness are was still a question (Bartlett, 2006, p. 1). Philips case study highlights following important factors that contribute its poor performance over three decades. Unbalance and undefined power shearing between PDs and NOs. Lack of effective restructuring. Lack of well defined performance criterion. Fragmented organizational structure. Matsushita Matsushita is a key manufacturer over a verity of consumer appliances and products having world wide manufacturing facilities. Initially started as a modest home based manufacturing facility making double-ended electrical sockets, in 1918 by Konosuke Matsushita, a 23-year-old inspector at Osaka Electric Light Company, Matsushita has evolved as a versatile consumer appliances and products manufacturer with a wide retail and marketing network across the globe. It manufactures a broad line of 5,000 products including video and audio equipments, home appliance and house hold equipments, information, communication and industrial related equipments, power backup and electronics equipment (Exhibit 7, p. 20) (Bartlett, 2006, p. 20). Matsushita total sales has attained a figure of US $68.862 million with net income of US $ 941 million for fiscal 2000 (Exhibit 6, p.19) (Bartlett, 2006, p. 19). Since the announcement of Konosuke Matsushita 250-year corporate plan on May 5, 1932, Matsushita has been facing difficulties and struggling in capability building and re-establishing its competitiveness. Matsushita case study reveals following important reasons that contribute toward these difficulties (Bartlett, 2006, p.8-12). During 1933-50 period, Matsushita followed a centralized leveraged technology strategy. Also, central research... To have a strong operating control over their offshore production units, Matsushita had followed the centralized management policy before the 1980s. In the mid-1980s, Matsushita had over 700 expatriate Japanese managers and technicians on foreign assignment for four to eight years. Local managers were only made responsible for achieving the targets. In 1982, as Toshihiko Yamashita took over the charge as President of the company. He launched his â€Å"Operation Localization† ‘to boost offshore production from less than 10% of value-added to 25%, or half of overseas sales, by 1990. To support the target, he set out a program of four localizations-personnel, technology, material, and capital (Bartlett, 2006, pp. 11-12). Toshihiko Yamashita’s â€Å"Operation Localization† policy brought a reasonable change to Matsushita organization structure and it increased the number of local nationals in key positions. In the United States, for example, US. nationals became the presidents of three of the six local companies, while in Taiwan the majority of production divisions were replaced by Chinese managers. But unfortunately, these local staff did not have direct contact with the senior administrative body and they were not free in their decisions. They were directed and advised by senior Japanese advisors, who had a direct link with Matsushita’s parent management team. Toshihiko Yamashita policies also gave the offshore production subsidiaries to some extent to buy minor parts from local vendors as long as quality could be assured.

Critical context, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical context, - Essay Example ong had never taken place at all based on an assessment of economic and other losses and injuries that have been caused to the Plaintiff.3 Tort offers an option for the victims to shift at least some of the costs for the damages that they have to bear on to others who may be partly responsible for the fate of the victim. In order to establish a cause of action under tort, three aspects must be established: Liability under tort is generally determined along the lines of (a) strict liability or (b) no fault liability. Under the tort of strict liability, a defendant will be obliged to pay damages for a breach of duty of care and the Court will not question whether or not the defendant has acted in a justifiable manner. On the other hand in a case of no fault liability, it is possible that a victim may not receive damages for the harm caused if there has been a good justifiable reason for the wrong that has been perpetrated on the victim. Applying this to the case of the Marsh Down school children, the children and their parents could have had good cause to file a suit for tort on the basis of personal injuries at the disco, if they had suffered them. Firstly, the nature of the harm would have been serious enough to merit a cause of action, secondly, the cause of such injuries would have been the wrongful action of the school in giving publicity to the August camp in the local paper, especially in view of ethnic diversities among the school children. The School could have therefore been a party to the suit, with the supervising teachers – Clyde West, James, Dot and Duff being cited as respondents. It is the school that is most likely to be held liable, because the teachers are employed by the school and injuries that have occured to students at the dicso are the result of the failure of the teachers to protect them. As a result, vicarious liability will be imputed to the school, since an employer is expected t o be responsible for the negative consequences

Family theories Essay Example for Free

Family theories Essay In this answer, I am going to discuss about the conjugal relationship in modern industrial societies. This means I will assess the claim that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies. I plan to structure my answer from housework and childcare, power and money management. The hours worked between husband and wife become more equal by the increased participation by women in the labour market have led to more equality in modern family life. This view is highly supported by many sociologists like Young and Willmott who suggest that the family is becoming more symmetrical and therefore, is in fact becoming more egalitarian via a ‘march of progress. ’ They suggest that the family is gradually improving in terms of equality as there has been a trend away from segregated conjugal roles and more of a shift towards joint ones. This they argue is due to major social changes in that women are more financially dependant with employment opportunities and so there is less of a need to rely on extended kin. This is further explained by Gershuny who suggests that because women have these employment opportunities, they are more likely to do less domestic work. This is shown by the item as it suggests that ‘men were making more of an effort to do housework when their wives were in full-time employment. By this change of position for women, it has meant that men are now more responsible for different household tasks therefore suggesting that equality within modern family life is evident and so this view seems correct. He emphasises the change in social values as a reason for this which is also supported by Sullivan’s study (2000) which found an increase in equal division of labour. This supports Young and Willmott’s ‘march of progress’ view that conjugal roles are becoming more symmetrical; thus suggesting that the view of equal gender roles and relationships is likely. Also, due to post-modern society, there are better living conditions compared to those during industrialisation and so this has drawn the men back into the family and thus has enabled them to help with housework and childcare as well as providing leisure time; enhancing equality in relationships. The social changes have meant that equality is becoming evident and so the statement seems highly likely. However, the functionalist view of equality in modern family life has been highly criticised particularly by feminists like Ann Oakley (1974). Oakley rejects the ‘March of progress’ view described by Young and Willmott as she suggests that this is simply exaggerated as we still live in a patriarchal society where women do most of the housework. She suggested that the methodology used by Young and Willmott was hardly convincing as their questions lacked in detail. In Oakley’s research, she found only 15% of husbands had a high participation in housework, showing how the statement is flawed as this clearly does not show evidence of equality in relationships and gender roles. Despite Gershuny suggesting that paid work entitled equality for women, Oakley suggested that this was only an extension of the housewife role. Therefore, unlike Parsons claim of a ‘natural’ role, feminists argue that this was socially constructed to enforce dependence on men which became worse with industrialisation as it forced women to stay within the home. Thus, it is clear that joint conjugal roles are not as ‘joint’ as functionalists initially suggested they were as the social changes have only exacerbated the role of women suggesting this so called equality does not exist. Besides, other feminists like Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith (1996) suggest that the changed position of women in terms of employment has only created a dual burden as they now have to undertake paid work as well as the unpaid housewife role. Ferri and Smith suggest that unlike Gershuny, increased employment has had little impact of the domestic labour as fewer than 4% of families had a father responsible for childcare. Therefore, women still remain responsible for the children as well as their employment responsibility; clearly suggesting that modern family life is not as equal as it seems. The dual burden is also supported by Dunscombe and Marsden’s theory of a triple burden in that women are expected to do the double shift of housework and paid work but also the caring of the emotional welfare of the family. This clearly disputes Gershuny’s idea that women are more equal due to employment as the triple burden means that they in fact gain more responsibilities than losing them. Next, feminists ‘point to inequalities of power and control that persist in modern family relationships’ as a key reason for inequality; again challenging the statement. Allan suggests that ideological factors limit women’s power in that they are ‘disadvantaged from the start. ’ This suggests that the family is always going to be founded on inequality; thus suggesting that the view of equality is limited. This is supported by Barrett and McIntosh who suggest that men gain far more from women’s domestic work than they give in financial support and that in turn this support often comes with ‘strings’ attached. Also, men are usually the ones who make decisions about finances despite some families being dual-earners. This is due to the fact that women are statistically still paid on average less than men; enhancing male economic power. Therefore you can question the extent of equality in modern family life. Resources are also said to be shared unequally like Kempson’s (1994) study among low-income families. This leaves women in poverty and so restricts their power in the family which creates an atmosphere of inequality in conjugal relationships. This is further explained by feminists Pahl and Vogler (1993) who focused on the effects of decision making within the family through ideas like ‘pooling’ and ‘allowance systems. They found a 31% increase in pooling where both partners have joint decision responsibility as well as a decline in allowance systems. However, it was still evident that men usually made huge financial decisions. Edgell also supports this as the levels of decision making are not equal due to the male economic power that still exists. Therefore, women have less say in the decisions and thus it is obvious that the view that gender roles and relationships are becoming more equal is incorrect as inequality in pay and decisions still exist. Similarly, this inequality of power has led to domestic violence which clearly shows how inequality is evident in that relationships are being gender dominated. Radical feminists like Millett and Firestone (1970) use domestic violence as a way to show that society is primarily founded on patriarchy and that men oppress and exploit women. They suggest that the inequality of power within the family maintains men’s power and so domestic violence is inevitable. Similarly, Dobash and Dobash suggest that marriage legitimises violence against women as it provides the male with power and the women with dependency, therefore evidently showing no signs of equality. Thus, this disputes the statement of gender roles and relationships becoming more equal with 1 in 4 women being assaulted in their lifetime according to Mirrlees-Black. Finally, childcare which is essentially about exercising responsibility for another person who is not fully responsible for herself and it entails seeing to all aspects of the child’s security and well-being, her growth and development at any and all times. Mary Boulton ( 1983 ) argues the exaggeration in the extent of men’s involvement in childcare and she denies that questions about who does what give a true picture of conjugal roles. She also claims that although men might help with particular tasks, it is their wives who retain primary responsibility for children. It is the wives who relegate non-domestic aspects of their lives to a low priority. This shows that there is still inequality in terms of childcare in conjugal relationships. In addition, Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith provide some empirical support for Boulton by conducting a study based on National Child Development Survey. The survey found it was still very rare for fathers to take primary responsibility for childcare. In both the sample of mothers and the sample of fathers it was very rare in dual-earner families, no-earner families or families where only the mother worked, for the man to be normally responsible for the children or to look after them when they were ill. In almost every category the man was the main carer in 4 percent or less of families. This is also supported by the radical feminist idea of ‘gender scripts’ in that there are expected norms in terms of gender roles and so patriarchal relationships are inevitable. Therefore, they suggest that equality without burdens will only be reached through same-sex relationships as this eliminates the ‘gender script’ idea. Thus, this enhances the inequality of the family, and suggests that the view that conjugal relationships are becoming more equal is in fact incorrect as the inevitability of patriarchal relationships means that equality cannot be established. In conclusion, I have discussed and assessed the view that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies by evaluating three sections which are hours worked, power and childcare. With all of the statement, I believe that conjugal relationships in modern industrial societies are not based on equality.

Binge Drinking Among College Students :: Alcohol Abuse Essays

Binge Drinking Among College Students   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We all know what it is like to wake up in the morning, with our head aching, and our body feeling like it was just hit by a train. College students world wide know this feeling. These are the results of binge drinking. The question of why college students continue to submit themselves to alcohol is unknown. While many reasons are given, the cause generally falls into one of three categories, peer pressure, insecurity, or to help solve there problems. But the one thing students don’t realize are the consequences and effects that binge drinking can have, health and social problems are just a few.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main reasons students feel the need to binge drink is peer pressure. They do this because their peers are doing it and they want to fit in better. College dorm rooms offer many different places for students to drink. Dorm rooms give a great place for a few people to get together, and before you know it â€Å"everybody’s doing it†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insecurity is another incentive to why students binge drink. Drinking alcohol has been a large part of society for many years. People find that it is easier to meet people when they have been drinking. Drinking has also been used as a way to get close to some one. There are also many social events drinking has created. There are cozy bars â€Å"where every body knows your name,† cocktail parties, and the high school favorite, house party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students also binge drink to help them solve there problems. They turn to alcohol to aid themselves with hiding their feelings and numbing there pain for a while â€Å"We’ll talk over a beer,† is something that people will say when they need to talk about something. In english terms this means lets have a beer and forget all our problems. Problems that range from, stress from school work, stress from a significant other, or even stress of home life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effects of binge drinking go far beyond short term memory loss and â€Å"hangovers†. Binge drinkers miss class, get behind on school work, engage in unplanned sexual activity, have run-ins with police, and get injured or hurt.

Location Based Social Networking Essay

Imagine yourself in a locality surrounded by strangers- a new city, a new state yet, no more totally strange. Check-in Yo!, update your profile and you are all set for the location. The location based social networking app Yo!Buddy is making you familiar with the society and locale wherever you are. You can see the like-minded interests and hobbies pursuant, neighbors and have chance to communicate with them. If you think you are not familiar with the ones you desire to go ahead and say ‘hello’, do not feel the set back. Yo! will show you everyone using the app around you, upto 5km. The further you go with Yo!, it has the feature to update and check-in your location, nearby people, activities and events. What more would you ask your locality to show you than what you desire- the users and chance to communicate with them. Yo! finds it simple and unique to bring your online friends and neighbor closer to you in your real life. When you meet your locality people online more often chances to meet them in real life increase much more. Who knows you go to a big mall and are just checked-in to find out that another of your neighbor or friend is nearby or even an online Facebook friend has come to visit the city. You might even be idling at home on a weekend to find another of the Yo! user nearby you too is idling. This makes your networking stronger with him/her. Yo! is mastering itself to provide you the platform so that every time you check-in, the GPS based Yo! records it for you and fellow users. You can even check-in Yo! through your Facebook profile, connect with your friends nearby and be updated on how about of them. The social networking on web is changing and applications like Yo! are changing it for our betterment. You have the world shrunk in a piece of computer.You have Facebook, Twitter to make friends & followers worldwide and network. Though most of the friends or followers you get through these are virtually available and you might not have them when you need them. We are traveling to distant places for various reasons and at a strange place we feel left alone, most of the time. We like to see and enjoy our stay, befriend the people around and see nice places or just sit in a corner and still be updated as who are doing what nearby. Imagine yourself to see and doing whatever you like. Imagine to be updated and also open to be welcomed and involved in the surrounding. Location based social networking is bringing the world more alive to you- on your android application, in your palm. You just have to give it a try: invite and spread it to people around you, check-in, update and you are all set to say ‘Yo! Buddy, Wassup!’

Person centred values Essay

A.C 1.2- Outline the benefits of working with an individual with dementia in a person-centred manner It is important to work with an individual with dementia in a person-centred manner in other to meet the individual’s needs and to provide the best quality care service. The benefits include to ensure quality of life of the individual and to treat the individual as deem fit and necessary. To place the individual at the centre values, individuality i.e. everyone’s differences must be recognized and respected. Choice, privacy, information and activities must be kept confidential. Individual must be empowered to do activities for themselves which means individual must be independent. It is vital for the social care worker to work using these precise methods to establish the needs and wishes of the individual. This will also mean that individuals will feel empowered and in control of their lives, be more confident about making decisions, will feel valued and respected. A.C. 1.3 – Why risk-taking can be part of a person-centred approach see more:define person centred planning Life itself is a risk. We take risk in our daily lives. The person-centred approach to risk includes making an assessment with the people involved in the plan such as the individual, their relatives and other professionals. Risk taking is part of a person-centred approach as this empowers individuals to have choices about what they want to do in their lives as well as to be part of their community. Not allowing individuals to take risks can have a negative impact on an individual’s life which may negate the way they which to live. Taking risks means that you are able to decide and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that a concern about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A.C. 2.1 – Describe the role that carers can have in the care and support of individuals with dementia A.C.2.2 – Explain the value of developing a professional working relationship with carers Every day we make many choices. All choices are important, even though some of them are very small. Day-to day choices are often about the cloth we wear, the food we eat, how we spend our money and who we spend time with. Other choices we make include where to work and who to live with, where to live and where to go on holiday. We probably take the freedom to make these choices for granted, but these choices are often made for people with learning disabilities, without paying attention to their wishes. Choice is not only for people who can speak for themselves. People with severe or profound learning disabilities can make many choices for themselves. We will need to develop our observation skills to discover the way in which the person we support expresses their preferences. Over time we will be able to build up a more detailed understanding of how they communicate their likes and dislike s. We can then use this information to involve the person in making more choices. Having choice over a particular part of our life means we have control. This is good for our emotional and mental health, and helps us to feel a real part of the community. Part of our task is ensuring that people with learning difficulties have choice in their lives. Privacy is a basic human need. We all need to do some things alone and to have time to ourselves to do as we please. Our need for privacy depends on our personality, interests and circumstances. We must respect people’s need for privacy whenever it arises. If our work involves supporting a person with their personal care, we will need to make  particular efforts to ensure privacy for them. We are dependent on other people for all aspects of our daily life. Think about the supply of electricity and water to our homes, the food we eat and the transport we use, not to mention access to communication technology such as phones, Television and the internet. More importantly, we are dependent on those close to us for their love, support and affection. It is more accurate to say that we are all independent. We need other people in all areas of our life. There are, however, different types of independence. We can see this with children, as they grow from being totally dependent babies to much more independent teenagers. Gradually, people with learning disabilities are taking more control of their lives. But even today, people with learning disabilities are often on the receiving end of other people’s decisions and planning. They may not have the power to decide on their own lifestyle. Other people, such as service providers, family or support workers, often make these decision for them. Others may be well supported, but lack the confidence or experience to take control of their lives. We have a vitally important role in the empowerment of people with learning disabilities to become independent. People with learning disabilities have the same rights as every other citizen in our society. The fundamental principle means that people with learning disabilities should never be treated in an inhuman or degrading way. They should always be treated politely, and as people of value in their own right. The way ourselves and our colleagues behave towards the people with learning disabilities we support affects the way that other people see them, and the way they see themselves. We should always show consideration to the people with learning disabilities that we work with. Our actions and attitudes should show that everyone is worthy of respect. Every day in our work as a learning disabilities worker, we are a partner with a person with disability we support. We are working with them so that they can fulfill their dreams and ambitions, and so that we can assist them their particular needs. Partnership also involves other people working together, to meet the needs of people with learning disabilities as fully as possible. This may include partnership with other professionals such as social workers, GPs, Physiologists, Psychiatrists, and speech and language therapist. The families of the people with learning disabilities we support are often very important partners in our work. Most family carers  have a wealth of knowledge and experience about their family member. They know their likes and dislikes, their personal history and any other particular medical needs. They are often more than happy to share what they know with new workers. When asking family carers for information, it is important to remember that some families have seen many workers come and go in their relative’s life. They may have repeated the same information very many times. Some may feel disillusioned of past experiences when things have not changed as they had hoped. A major aspect of partnership working is bringing together in an atmosphere where this is simply the accepted way of doing things. In this type of working environment, training, attitudes, procedures and quality standards all have partnership as one of their goals. Successful partnership depend to a large extent upon the amount of effort put into creating an environment in which joint working is seen simply as the way things are done. Discrimination against people with learning disabilities and their families often results in the unfair and unequal treatment of people just because of their learning disability. People with learning disabilities may not be allowed the freedom and opportunities which the Human Rights Act and other laws encourage. They often face prejudice and discrimination. They may be treated unequally and unjustly and denied the opportunities that should be available to them, just as they are to other citizens. Equal opportunities mean that people with learning disabilities should: No longer be marginalized and isolated within society Have the same social statues as other people No longer be subject to exploitation and abuse Have their opinions taken seriously Have their adult status recognized Have the same citizenship right as other people. Failure to give equal opportunities to people with learning disabilities denies our common humanity. It causes anger, frustration, despair, hopelessness and loneliness for the people involved, and keeps them powerless and dependent. The General Social Care Council (GSCC) is the organization set up by the government in 2001 to register and regulate all social care workers. It has produced a Code of Practice which states that social care workers should work in a certain way. A.C 3.1 – Describe the roles of others in the care and support of individuals with dementia It is fundamental ethical principle that every person has the right to determine what happens to his/her own body. This right is reflected in the Rules of professional Conduct and the Core Standards of Physiotherapy practice and is also protected by law. Touching a patient prior to obtaining valid consent may constitute battery under civil or criminal law, or in some circumstances, sexual assault. However, it is important to gain patient’s consent prior to assessment treatment. It is also a matter of common courtesy between the patient and the care assistant and helps to establish a relationship of trust and confidence. Evidence shows that where such a relationship exists, patients are less likely to take a legal action, and this could be why legal action against care assistants is rare. As a broad principle consent should be gained for all activities, even if we want to plump someone’s pillows. It is important that people not only give their consent but also fully unde rstand what they are consenting to and the implications. Consent can be implied, verbal, informal or written. Gaining consent protects both the carer and the person against legal challenges. A health care service consent document supports the rights of patients and families to be informed about the benefit and risk of a proposed treatment or procedure and to make a voluntary decision as to whether to proceed or not. The following must be considered when making a valid consent: i. the patient must have capacity to consent i.e. be mentally competent. ii. Consent must be voluntary i.e the patient must not be acting under duress. iii. The patients must have received sufficient information to make a decision about their treatment. A.C 3.2 – Explain when it may be necessary to refer to others when supporting individuals with dementia To established consent for an activity or action we have to explain the activity or action to the other party so they have the correct information to make an inform decision. If the persons lacks the capacity to make informed decisions alone then we will need to establish who else need to be involved. This information is usually found in the  person’s care of plan or in a communication chart established to cover a range of circumstances. To establish consent to an action or activity we need to: Explain what it is using language familiar to the individual Describe what the action or activity involves Explain the benefits to the individual Explain any potential or actual risks involved in doing it and not doing it Listen to and observe the individual’s response Encourage the individual to ask questions Give the individual time to process the information Confirm consent again immediately prior to any action or activity. A.C 3.3 – Explain how to access the additional support of others when supporting individuals with dementia Consent (permission) must be given before care can be to a person. To even touch a person when forbidden, can be consider assault. If there is nobody available when an intoxicated, unconscious or impaired individual presents for care, consent is â€Å"implied†, as there is nobody to give that consent. It is assumed that consent would be given by family or that person, if they were able to communicate that. The only time that we cannot take saving measures, is when there is a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order on that patient. It is considered an emergency if a person is apparently experiencing severe suffering or is at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm. The expectation for emergency treatment applies if: the patient is mentally incapable of making the treatment decision. The delay required to obtain consent will prolong the suffering or put the person at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm. The expectation for emergency treatment also applies if: the patient is apparently capable, but communication cannot occur because of a language barrier or a disability. Reasonable steps have been taken to find a practical means of communicating with the patient but such steps have been unsuccessful, and the delay required to find a practical means to communicate will prolong suffering or put the person at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm in addition, a health practitioner who believes that a person is mentally incapable, or where communication cannot take place after  reasonable steps have been taken, may conduct an examination or diagnostic procedure without consent, if the examination or diagnostic procedure is reasonable necessary to determine whether there is emergency. If a patient presents in an emergency situation, is unconscious, mentally incapable, and with no family available, and no advance directive in place, it is considered reasonable to treat the patient. It is assumed that under these conditions, the patient would consent to treat. If there is a language barrier, and the patient is otherwise capable of giving consent, a reasonable effort must be made to find an interpreter, which includes using the ones through the phone companies. If the patient’s life is in danger, and there is nobody who can communicate with them, then with careful documentation, treatment can be delivered. A.C 4.1 – Demonstrate how to use a person-centred thinking tool in relation to own life to identify what is working and not working People who use services and carers are becoming more active participants in social care provision, training and employment. They are no longer the passive recipients of service. Skills for care committed to ensuring people who use services and carers get an opportunity to have their say and participate in projects, to ensure that activities undertaken by Skills for Care reflect their need, wants and aspirations. Providing individual with empowerment is important. Empowerment is about enabling the individuals we support to contribute and have an influence over the issues which affect the way they live. When individuals make choices, they have more control and feel valued. It is important that we support empowerment of the individuals we work with. Providing individuals with empowerment to make informed choices enables individuals to maintain their rights of choice, equality and opportunity. Active participation is ways of working that recognize an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationship of their own care or support, rather than just a recipient. Being part of a community is particularly important to individuals who live on their and do not work. It does not matter what kind of something will give them a sense of belonging, a feeling of self-worth and independence. A.C. 4.2 Describe own relationship circle 4.3 Describe how helpful using a person-centred thinking tool was to identify actions in relation to own life Putting active participation into practice means being able to recognize and reduce potential barriers to its implementation. Barriers to implementing an active participation approach can occur where the health and social practitioners: lack understanding of the individual’s personality, history, health and cognitive status and social abilities View the person as a passive recipient of care who is always dependent on others Have low expectations of the person’s ability to develop, change and achieve We are not committed to making an active participation approach to work Lack creativity and flexibility and flexibility in thinking about ways of providing care or support Lack patience and tenacity when pursuing active participation goals Have inconsistent approach, and does not integrate active participation into our care practice to the extent that it becomes part and parcel of our daily care practice Changing attitudes is the key to reducing barriers to active participation. Improving society’s attitudes to, and expectations of, people with disabilities is an important part of this involving the individual and all those people who are significant to them is also crucial to success. A.C. 5.1 – Use person-centred thinking to know and act on what is important to the individual In order to enable individual to make an informed choice, both us and the individual first need to think about what all of the available options are. We are then need to look at what are good and bad about each option. Health and safety are important factors and must be put first for us, the individual and anyone else involved. The Mental Capacity Act in other Standards provides the legal framework for capacity and decision making about health and social care and financial decisions which applies to everyone aged over 16. We will need to consider whether the person we are supporting has capacity to make informed decision s or we need a formal mental capacity review. It is important to note that a person is assumed to have capacity unless it is proved otherwise. There is a four-step way to test for capacity: a person must be able to: Understand the information relevant to a decision Retain the information Use the information as part of decision making process Communicate their decision In supporting a person to make a decision, we have a duty to assist the person in all four of these steps. For example, using appropriate communication methods to help the person to understand and communicate. Capacity is assessed specific to each decision and occasion. For example, a person may have capacity to make a decision in the Moring about what to wear, but not later day in deciding if they want to move home. If someone is assessed as lacking capacity, any decision taken on their behalf must be in their best interests and we must consider if there are less restrictive options. For example, if a decision can be delay until a person is less distressed this is the best course of action. However, if a person does have capacity this over-rides what we may consider as an unwise decision. A.C. 5.2 Establish with the individual how they want to be supported Each individual have a formal assessment as part of their care and support plan. The assessment should contain information about the individual and the type of care and support they need. It will provide the most appropriate options for keeping the individual and anyone else as safe as possible. It will also tell us how to do some tasks where these tasks have been risk assessed and the best option has been established. A particular way of moving and handling is recommended for Mr. X because he has health issues that mean he or she can only be moved another way. Mr. X does not like being moved this way and asks to be moved another way. We should always follow the risk assessment. We should report Mr X’s request to our supervisor/manager. If we are appropriately trained in risk assessment and moving and handling and the change Mr X requires is minor, we may be able to make this change. We should never make changes unless we are trained or our supervisor or manager confirms we can make the change. We should always record any changes in Mr X’s wishes and in the way we perform tasks. Every effort should be made to support Mr X to be moved in the way he wants to be moved. He has the right to make this choice but an appropriately trained  person will need to review the risk assessment first and work out if it is safe for all involved for Mr X to be moved in the way he wishes. A.C. 5.3 – Use person-centred thinking to know and respond to how the individual communicates 5.4 – Be Responsive to how an individual makes decisions to support them to have maximum choice and control in their life When an individual has made decision which we feel is risky, we need to make the individual aware of any consequences involved in the decision; however we should not try to influence the individual with our view or opinions. It is the individual’s freedom of choice to make decisions about their own future and support. Providing they have the right information to make an informed choice and have the capacity to understand their choice; it is part of our duty of care to enable them to do so. Referring to Mr. X in 5.2 above, we might not approve of or like the choice he has made. We might need more moving and handling training, perhaps for a specialist piece of equipment. However, the choice is not ours and we are not allowed to influence Mr X. in suppor ting Mr X to make his decision, we need to listen to him and put his wishes and best interests first. This means the service must be provided in the way Mr X would like, as long as it is safe and approved through care and support plans and risk assessment. This is because the choices belong to Mr x, not to us. He needs to make his own decisions in order to feel he is in control of what happens to him. This leads to positive feelings around dignity, pride and satisfaction. If relative or friend has made a decision about individual’s care, support or life that the individual is not happy or comfortable with, we may need to support the individual to question or challenge the decision. It is important that we obtain and understand the facts and reasons surrounding the decision so we can make sure the individual has a clear understanding If the individual remains sure that he or she is not happy with the decision, once he or she has this information, we can work with the individual to support them to challenge the decision. Any changes that are made as a result of this change must be safe for us, the individual and anyone else involved. We should never make changes unless we are trained to do so or our supervisor or manager confirms we can make the change. We should always record any changes in individual’s wishes and in the way we perform tasks.  It is essential that we understand the Mental Capacity Act and how to work within it’s requirements every day with every individual. A.C. 6.1- Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with wellbeing Spiritual well being is an integral part of mental, emotional and physical health. It can be associated with a specific religion but does not have to be. It is about an individual’s own journey to discover things of importance in their lives and enabling them to find purpose and meaning in life. The effects and impact of spiritual well-being is determined by each individual and can make a huge impact on their lives. Through spiritual well-being, individual can become empowered and realize that even though they have issues, stressors, and challenges, they are not define by their circumstances. In realizing this individual’s gain greater peace, better freedom of self expression, increased manageable over the healing and support process and higher self-esteem. A few of the numerous benefits of spiritual well-being include: Feeling content with our life’s situation Making time to spend alone and find inner peace Taking time to reflect and resolve life’s issues Finding satisfaction in a job well done. Taking part in an active lifestyle rather than merely standing by and watching life as it passes Maintaining balance and control of life Building relationships Feeling purpose and meaning in life Accepting and growing from challenges of life Emotional well-being is based on how individuals feel about themselves. Someone who is emotionally healthy: Understands and adapt to changes Copes with stress Has a positive outlook on life and themselves Has the ability to love and care for others Can act independently to meet his or own needs Everyone, including people who are emotionally healthy, have problems. If something or someone threatens our happiness or well-being, we would feel  uncomfortable emotions such as anger, sadness or fear. When we experience something that enhances our situation, we feel emotions such as joy, satisfaction or a sense of achievement. The way we are brought up and our culture have a great influence on how we feel. They help us to form ideas and decide what we care about. Everyone deals with situations in life differently. What may seem unimportant to our closest friend might be upsetting to us. Sometimes an individual’s self-esteem (the way they feel about themselves) can become so low that everything seems a lot harder to cope with compared with when they are feeling confident. Being emotionally healthy does not mean that we feel happy all the time. Good emotional health is about having lots of different emotions, and being able to accept them and talk about them. Signs that Individuals are not coping well emotionally might include having a lack of self-confidence, having trouble with relationship or feeling unhappy a lot of the time. A.C. – 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s wellbeing Because we are so different and diverse, we have different and diverse views about every subject. We may not approve of or agree with the views of individual we support but our role is about working with them in ways that support their views. The best way to find out about an individual is to ask questions that are not threatening but show us have a genuine interest in the individual. By encouraging them to talk about themselves and listening to their views, as we will learn a great deal about the individuals we work with. Through this learning, we will be able to meet their needs in ways that are sensitive and supportive of their views making individual feel valued. Our role is to support individuals to feel emotional well-being and to feel emotional wellbeing, individuals need to feel: Appreciated, cared about and loved Safe and secure Extra supported when they feel sad, depressed or lonely That they are not a burden but an important priority Listened to and respected Satisfied with relationships Independent and in control of their lives That they have a purpose and meaning to their lives We will need good communication skills and be able to listen but also to encourage individuals and show understanding and support for what is important to them in life. We could suggest that the individual organizes for someone from their faith or community group. It might be possible for someone from the group to organize travel and support arrangements whilst the individual attend the group. A.C. – 6.3 – Support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self-esteem Each individual’s spirituality is greatly impacted by the community they are a part of and the relationships they take part in. Spiritual wellbeing is not a practice of isolation but rather of affecting and involving the people around the individual. Spiritual well-being groups and sessions could provide an open and save environment to explore, learn, practice, support and heal. This safe-haven offered in such a group is important to individuals who experience difficulties in their lives. Individuals may be able to find spiritual well-being programs in their local areas. These may include group exploration and experimental practices on the topics of meditation, prayer, forgiveness, personal values, and purpose in life, the role of self-esteem in spiritual connection, healthy relationships and developing an authentic relationship with a higher Power, or God. A.C. – 6.4 Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being By promoting an individual’s spiritual and emotional wellbeing, we can help improve their self esteem and make them valued and remain their own person. Building an individual’s self esteem is a first step towards the happiness and emotional well-being of the individuals we support. Focusing on what they can do rather than on what they cannot do, will encourage their independence and feeling of self worth. It is also important to help individuals to deal with stress. Changes in situations and in their ability to do things can cause stress. However, by providing encouragement and positive support we can improve their inner self and quality of life. By providing emotional support, understanding and good quality care, we can improve on individual’s confidence, promoting spiritual and emotional well-being.

TQM in Foodservice Essays - Process Management, Quality, Management

TQM in Foodservice Essays - Process Management, Quality, Management TQM in Foodservice Introduction One of the most important industries overall is the food industry. The food industry consists of everything from food processing plants to fast food restaurants. The food industry affects nearly every living person. Most people don't realize how important this industry is and how it affects their everyday lives. That is why it is so critical that the products of this industry are at their highest quality, are free of bacteria and ensure that the consumer will not face any detrimental consequences. Total Quality Management (TQM) plays a big role in promising these results. Total Quality Management seems to be a confusing term for the layman. TQM is a philosophy advocated by Dr. Edward Deming, a world renowned quality guru. It was widely accepted by Japan from 1950 onward. They used this principle for continuous refinement of an organization-wide quality system. Since then many organizations around the world have adopted TQM or similar methodologies. There have been many successes and many reported failures. Success of the system depends on the total commitment of the people to quality from top to bottom within the organization. TQM implementation is based on team work and the philosophy of continuous improvement. Statistics need to be used extensively to analyze and reduce the variation in the process. In the food industry, continuous improvement is vital to the survival of a specific company or restaurant. The customer is constantly purchasing the products of competitors and any decline in quality will equal a decrease in gross profits. There are several areas that a restaurant may focus on for quality improvement such as menu offerings, hospitality, service, cleanliness, and over all food quality. All of these aspects will be covered in this paper concerning Total Quality Management. Summary Employee & Product Quality Various well known companies such as Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Taco Bell have implemented Total Quality Management programs in an effort to increase quality and market share. Ritz-Carlton of Kansas City, Missouri, recently revamped menu selections for its rooftop-level restaurant and bar operation. This came about through customer surveys, focus-group studies of local restaurant patrons, employee opinions, and market analysis. This began with the general manager, Norm Howard, as TQM must start at the top to be successful. He states that "It [TQM] is about listening to your customers and empowering your employees to participate in important business decisions" (Stephenson, 1993). Taco Bell, with the implementation of a Total Quality Management system, has improved its speed of service, friendliness of service, and value for money ratings. This company has done this by empowering employees and seeking customer input. By integrating their employees into the system, Taco Bell has also decreased employee turnover by 63% (Stephenson, 1993). According to the article "TQM: Making it Work for You," there are six areas that need to be focused on (Stephenson, 1993). The first area is measuring quantitative results of various surveys and studies and basing future decisions strictly on these outcomes. This information could come from something as simple as a comment card, but these cards must tell the business more than what was good and bad, but why. The second area to be focused on is empowering the employees. Allowing the employees to be involved in the team effort. Make the employees feel responsible for their actions and allow the employees to fix their problems. This is where many franchises lack, making it the manager's responsibility to fix the problems that the employees create. If management treats employees in a respectable manner, the employee will turn around and treat the customer with respect also. Avoiding errors is the third area that needs to be focused on. The main focus of a Total Quality Management program is to eliminate errors before they can occur. Systems cause about 80% of all errors, so if the system is error free, then the employee has a lesser chance of making mistakes. Next comes the integration of management into the process. Total Quality Management implies that management must be 100% in favor of the program, or else the employees will not respond properly. Employees will follow the lead of the management team. Last is to do what the customer want, as tells the aphorism "The customer is always right." This is the same principle. There is no sense in serving only fried chicken if the customers demand a more health conscious baked or grilled chicken. "Customers are not only the people who walk through the doors looking for a meal but also your suppliers and employees" (Stephenson, 1993). Health & Safety Quality Total Quality Management does not just deal with product quality, but

The Seven Voyages of the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet

The Seven Voyages of the Ming Chinese Treasure Fleet Over a period of almost three decades in the early 15th century, Ming China sent out a fleet the likes of which the world had never seen. These enormous treasure junks were commanded by the great admiral, Zheng He. Together, Zheng He and his armada made seven epic voyages from the port at Nanjing to India, Arabia, and even East Africa. The First Voyage In 1403, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a huge fleet of ships capable of travel around the Indian Ocean. He put his trusted retainer, the Muslim eunuch Zheng He, in charge of construction. On July 11, 1405, after an offering of prayers to the protective goddess of sailors, Tianfei, the fleet set out for India with the newly-named admiral Zheng He in command. The Treasure Fleets first international port of call was Vijaya, the capital of Champa, near modern-day Qui Nhon, Vietnam. From there, they went to the island of Java in what is now Indonesia, carefully avoiding the fleet of pirate Chen Zuyi. The fleet made further stops at Malacca, Semudera (Sumatra), and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Zheng He beat a hasty retreat when he realized that the local ruler was hostile. The Treasure Fleet next went to Calcutta (Calicut) on the west coast of India. Calcutta was one of the worlds major trade depots at the time, and the Chinese likely spent some time exchanging gifts with the local rulers. On the way back to China, laden with tribute and envoys, the Treasure Fleet confronted the pirate Chen Zuyi at Palembang, Indonesia. Chen Zuyi pretended to surrender to Zheng He, but turned upon the Treasure Fleet and tried to plunder it. Zheng Hes forces attacked, killing more than 5,000 pirates, sinking ten of their ships and capturing seven more. Chen Zuyi and two of his top associates were captured and taken back to China. They were beheaded on October 2, 1407. On their return to Ming China, Zheng He and his entire force of officers and sailors received monetary rewards from the Yongle Emperor. The emperor was very pleased with the tribute brought by the foreign emissaries, and with Chinas increased prestige in the eastern Indian Ocean basin. The Second and Third Voyages After presenting their tribute and receiving gifts from the Chinese emperor, the foreign envoys needed to go back to their homes. Therefore, later in 1407, the great fleet set sail once again, going as far as Ceylon with stops in Champa, Java, and Siam (now Thailand). Zheng Hes armada returned in 1409 with holds full of fresh tribute  and again turned right back for another two-year voyage (1409-1411). This third voyage, like the first, terminated at Calicut. Zheng Hes Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Voyages After a two-year respite on-shore, in 1413 the Treasure Fleet set out on its most ambitious expedition to date. Zheng, He led his armada all the way to the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa, making port calls at Hormuz, Aden, Muscat, Mogadishu, and Malindi. He returned to China with exotic goods and creatures, famously including giraffes, which were interpreted as the mythical Chinese creature the qilin, a very auspicious sign indeed. On the fifth and sixth voyages, the Treasure Fleet followed much the same track to Arabia and East Africa, asserting Chinese prestige and collecting tribute from as many as thirty different states and principalities. The fifth voyage spanned 1416 to 1419, while the sixth took place in 1421 and 1422. In 1424, Zheng Hes friend and sponsor, the Yongle Emperor, died while on a military campaign against the Mongols. His successor, the Hongxi Emperor, ordered an end to the expensive ocean-going voyages. However, the new emperor lived for just nine months after his coronation  and was succeeded by his more adventurous son, the Xuande Emperor. Under his leadership, the Treasure Fleet would make one last great voyage. The Seventh Voyage On June 29, 1429, the Xuande Emperor ordered preparations for a final voyage of the Treasure Fleet. He appointed Zheng He to command the fleet, even though the great eunuch admiral was 59 years old and in poor health. This last great voyage took three years  and visited at least 17 different ports between Champa and Kenya. On the way back to China, likely in what are now Indonesian waters, Admiral Zheng He died. He was buried at sea, and his men brought a braid of his hair and a pair of his shoes back to be buried in Nanjing. Legacy of the Treasure Fleet Faced with the Mongol threat on their northwest border, and the huge financial drain of the expeditions, Ming scholar-officials deplored the extravagant voyages of the Treasure Fleet. Later emperors and scholars sought to erase the memory of these great expeditions from Chinese history. However, Chinese monuments and artifacts scattered all around the rim of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Kenyan coast, provide solid evidence of Zheng Hes passage. In addition, Chinese records of several of the voyages remain, in the writings of such shipmates as Ma Huan, Gong Zhen, and Fei Xin. Thanks to these traces, historians and the public at large can still ponder the amazing tales of these adventures that took place 600 years ago.

Cultural and Historical Geography, Anthropogenic Change in the Research Paper

Cultural and Historical Geography, Anthropogenic Change in the Ethiopian Highlands - Research Paper Example The northwest portion that covers the Amhara and Tigray Regions, encompass the Semien-Mountains, in which a part of it is a national-park. Lake Tana, where Blue Nile springs from, also lies within the northwest part of the Ethiopian-Highlands. The Bale Mountains are situated in the Southeast of the Ethiopian Highlands, also allocated a national-park (Alemneh 6). This paper will discuss the anthropogenic change in the Ethiopian Highlands. Indigenous People Ethnically the south-western highlands, particularly in Kefa as well as to the southern Gemu Gofa, form a shatter-belt of varied ethnic factions. They encompass Omotic populaces who carry out hoe cultivation plus the plough cultivators-Oromos who inhabited the region in the 17th era (Blaikie 57). The dichotomized lowlands and valleys are occupied by a range of Sudanic and Omotic hunter gatherers, agro-pastoralists and cultivators (Alemneh 6). On top of the ethnic factions whose home lands are within this expanse, in-migration in the last 100 years has introduced numerous small groups, largely Amharas and Gurages from northern and eastern part of southwestern highlands. Majority of this in-relocation has been linked tocoffee development and land alienation (Hutchinson 34). Conflict The ethnic multiplicity of the Ethiopian Highlands creates a possibility potential for conflict since these factions have diverse interests of the resource-base, hold diverse expertise through which to employ them, and claim privileges over diverse areas and resources (Sutcliffe 44). The factions that have interests concerning the south-west resources include the local-communities and native ethnic groups, the central government and non-local ethnic factions who have relocated into this area, the novel regional administrations of Kefa and Oromia, communities from outside the area who rely on a number of the expanse's resources like irrigation water (Hutchinson 45) and (Alemneh 6). Natural Resource Use/History The Ethiopian-Highlands started to emerge 75m ages ago, as molten rock from the Globe's mantle elevated a broad roof of the African Craton ancient rocks. The Great Rift Valley opening split the roof of the Ethiopian-Highlands into 3 parts; the southern Arabian-Peninsula Mountains are geographically part of the primeval Ethiopian-Highlands, divided by the rifting that created the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, and detached Arabia from Africa(see figure 2) (Blaikie 57) and (Alemneh 6). Ethiopian highlands are very rich with respect to natural reserves. The region can be viewed as among the last reserve frontiers within the country that is being utilized with boosted intensity whilst the population swells and deforestation ensues (Blaikie 57). The sources to this reserve prosperity are the great and consistent rainfall plus the forest-cover. The cover from the forest, by shielding the loams from wearing away, has assisted the red-clay soils of this region develop to above 2 meters in profundity. The rainfall and s oil resources afford the southwestern highlands an extremely considerable agricultural prospective for an extensive variety of crops, together with coffee, whereas the dependability of crop produces is great unlike in several other regions of Ethiopia (Gedion 95) and (Alemneh 6). Owing to the environmental settings, the southern-west highlands possess a strong relative advantage in production of timber. They contain roughly half of Ethiopian’s remaining high forestry that produces quality wood for furniture (Blaikie 57). The consumption of